Since the Roman empire, electricity has been used in the field of medicine for treating pain. In the era of modern medicine, the field of neuromodulation has entered its renaissance with the introduction of novel wave forms and targets, new indications, and hardware. This ripple effect has provided clinicians with new tools to treat chronic pain patients, challenged our current understanding of neurostimulation, and aided efforts to confront the opioid epidemic. This presentation will review the history of neuromodulation, current theories on mechanism of action and available technologies, and showcase emerging innovations. Key topics will include novel stimulation algorithms such as closed-loop stimulation and novel therapy indications such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.